A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner - 882 Words

â€Å" A Rose For Emily† Character Analysis Stubborn and a bit unstable, Emily Grierson is the main character of William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose For Emily â€Å". Emily is a prime example of a flat character because she seldom changes throughout the whole story. Emily acts as if nothing has changed over the years. In the town of Jefferson, It’s as if time went to a stood still. She shows this flat affect throughout the story in many instances. For example, like her refusing to pay her taxes, not keeping up with the maintenance of her father’s home after his passing. So much so that the home was referred to as â€Å"an eyesore among eyesores, still standing among the cotton wagons and gasoline pumps (Faulkner, p. 121). Emily was a very stubborn and hard headed woman throughout the story. In the beginning of the story, Emily was a young lady who lived at home with her father. He had no intentions of allowing any man to marry his daughter so any man who ever came to the house to call upon his daughter was ran off before they could even get one foot onto the porch. Emily’s father later passes away but because she has no one else, she held onto her father’s body for fear of being alone once she let him go. After three days of holding on, she finally allowed her father’s body to go out for burial. After her father’s passing, Emily refused to pay any taxes on the home, even when approached by the new city officials. Many years later, in her home, she told them, â€Å"See Colonel Sartoris, IShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner923 Words   |  4 PagesA Rose for Emily; A Tale of The Old South William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897 but lived most of his life in Oxford, a small town nearby. After dropping out of high school then briefly joining the Canadian Air Force, he returned home and completed three terms at the University of Mississippi (Fulton 27). During his early twenties Faulkner spent time in New Orleans and Europe before returning to Oxford and publishing his first book of poems. In 1929 he married Estelle FranklinRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 PagesJune 24, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In every neighborhood there is always that one house that is a mystery to everyone. A house that everyone wants to know about, but nobody can seem to be able to dig up any answers. It’s the type of place that you would take any opportunity or excuse to get to explore. The littler that is known, the more the curiosity increases about this mysterious place or person. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, andRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner949 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† it is clear how Emily’s gender affects how the individuals in the town perceive her. Emily’s gender particularly affects how men understand her. Throughout the whole piece Emily is seen as a helpless individual who is lonely and has suffered losses throughout her life. When the reader reaches the end of the story the actions that Emily has taken is unexpected because of the way she is perceived by the narrator. In the beginning of the story, when the wholeRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Sarah Markins Dr. Bibby ENG 107 February 11, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner in 1931, follows a series of peculiar events in Miss Emily Griersons life. Written in third person limited, Faulkner utilizes flashbacks to tell of the period between the death of Emily’s father and her own passing. Split into five short sections, the story starts out with the townspeople of Jefferson remembering Emily’s legacy and how each new generation ofRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1552 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Dunn Mrs. Williams English 11 March 11, 2016 In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the reader is given a glimpse of the internal conflict of the main character, living in the past, and the involvement of an over involved society causing the reader to look into the consciousness of an individual haunted by a past and lack of a future. The story is set in a post-Civil War town in the South. He is able to give the reader a glimpse of the practices and attitudes that had unitedRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1507 Words   |  7 Pages1897, William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi. He stands as one of the most preeminent American writers of the twentieth century. His literary reputation included poetry, novels, short stories, and screenplays. Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction and the Nobel Prize in Literature. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short fascinating story written by William Faulkner and it was his first short story published in a national m agazine. The story involved an old woman named Emily GriersonRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner883 Words   |  4 PagesIn the timeless classic, â€Å"A rose for Emily† by William Faulkner we are introduced to Emily Grierson, a matured sheltered southern woman; born to a proud, aristocratic family presumably during the American Civil War. Through out the short story William Faulkner uses many literary devices such as symbolism, metaphors and allegory to play with â€Å"time† and how time reflects upon his main character Emily Grierson. Emily being one who denies the ability to see time for what it is linear and unchangeableRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1270 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† thoroughly examines the life of a strange woman name Emily Grierson who lives in the town of Jefferson. If we examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in terms of formalist criticism, we see that the story dramatizes through setting, plot, characterization, and symbolism on how Miss Emily’s life is controlled by a possessive love she had for her father and lover. William Faulkner uses Emily’s life as the protagonist to examine from a formalist aspect. In orderRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1780 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1930, William Faulkner wrote a five-part story entitled â€Å"A Rose for Emily† that follows the life of a young woman named Miss Emily Grierson. Faulkner sets his story in the Old South, soon after the ending of America’s Civil War, and represents the decaying values of the Confederacy (Kirszner Mandell, 2013a, p. 244). One of these values which the text portrays quite often in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, is the patriarchal custom of society viewing men as having more importance than their female counterpartsRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1277 Words   |  6 PagesMiss Emily Grierson, the main character in the strange short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. It would be best to examine her in a mental capacity as well as the circumstances that may affect her. Throughout the story, Miss Emily’s unpredictable and eccentric behavior becomes unusual, and the reader, like the townspeople in the story, is left to speculate how Miss Emily has spent years living and sleeping with the body of Homer Barron. An important quote from the story was that

Impact Of Renaissance Humanism - 759 Words

3) Renaissance Humanism changed the direction of European culture and civilization in wonderful ways. There are different definitions of renaissance but the common agreement is that renaissance here means an area where culture flourished, â€Å"a golden age†. Burckhardt defines renaissance as a â€Å"man’s discovery of himself and his world†. Renaissance humanism was a change in the way people lived their lives after reading greek and roman texts, that encouraged people to want to â€Å"work on perfecting themselves and their family†. People also wanted to â€Å"give rebirth to art and look back to the pre christian world† (Seger, Class Lecture 10/17) People were changing their outlooks by looking beyond what they had been told by the†¦show more content†¦No one had known until now, and this led people to wonder and ask if this was fake, then what else could be fake? People wanted to find out and wanted to build the church back up agai n, as they felt it was their responsibility. With Italy as the main setting for the renaissance, city states were being created and â€Å"established from feudalism†, which is another example of corporatism to individualism, but instead of going from a collective group to individual, it went from feudalism and feudal manors to individual city states, which led ordinary people to become more involved within those city states. City states developed after seeing Greece operate in that way. Renaissance Humanism also led to a new curriculum , where subjects such as philosophy, grammar and rhetoric were taught. People wawer eager to learn new things and in 1459, Rosino established a study center, which was a product of Renaissance Humanism. This was also the first time where the word natural was ever used in teaching, such as natural philosophy. People were now being educated and learning about things outside of the church and further away from teachings based off religion. T his connects directly to renaissance as there was a new emphasis on learning from the past, in order to perfect an individuals life at that time and learning new things in order to be successful and to be a significant member of society. A significant renaissance figure is Leonardo, who said, â€Å"man is theShow MoreRelatedThe Influence Of Humanism In The Italian Renaissance853 Words   |  4 Pages The Influence of Humanism on the Visual Arts During the Renaissance, a program of study known as humanism, impacted education, art, politics, and ultimately shaped the Italian Renaissance. Humanism is defined as â€Å"a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.†[1] Humanism changed people’s views and allowed them to start portraying people in a more realistic and relatable way. Many artists beganRead MoreInfluence Of The Renaissance On Modern Europe1174 Words   |  5 Pageswere more significant than the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the French Revolution. Of these three events, the Renaissance proved to be the most important event in shaping a modern Europe, with developments in education, class structure/order and social change issues, religion, building construction/use, Medici banking system, art and architecture, humanism, printing and the printing press, and the scientific and medical ch anges of the Islamic Renaissance. The changes in the developmentRead MoreRenaissance Humanism Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesMany diverse ideas flourished during the European Renaissance which had a lasting impact on the world. Humanism is a worldview and a moral philosophy that considers humans to be of primary importance. The aspect of humanism first thrived in 14th century Italy, and later spread north in the 15th century. Initially humanistic ideas about education were quickly adopted by the Italian upper class. The Italian ideas and attitudes towards life and learning impacted nobility in other parts of Europe. TheyRead MoreThe Influence of Renaissance in Art and Architecture947 Words   |  4 Pagesreligious symbols. During the Renaissance the main focus was the study of people. This is shown through the increase in self portraits and classical antiquity-inspired buildings. The change between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is best shown through the art and architecture, demonstrated specifically through an emphasis on religion and classical antiquity, both suggesting a clear cultural change. The culture of both of these eras was greatly shaped by the studies of humanism and theology. The transformationRead More Humanism and Its Effects on Renaissance Art Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesBeginning roughly around the year 1400 an era in Europe began; one that would shape the ideas and the lives of men. This era of rebirth or renaissance came within the fifteenth century through the revival of classical texts. One central effect of the Renaissance was the production of a new intellectual idea: humanism. Humanism being defined as a, â€Å"[t]erm invented in the 19th century. . . [regarding] developments relating to the revival of Classical literature and learning in European culture fromRead MoreThe Queen Of England During The Tudor Dynasty942 Words   |  4 PagesQueen Elizabeth I, wrote one of the most famous and inspiring speeches of all times. Elizabeth I was the queen of England during the Tudor Dynasty. Tudor period was a time of England s introduction to Renaissance culture. Humanism became the most important force in Tudor literary and life. Elizabeth I was not only the most feared queen at the time, she was also a writer. She wrote â€Å"Speech to the Troops at Tillbury† (1588), which was written for the British troops stationed at Tilbury in 1588 asRead MoreEssay about Early Renaissance Art918 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant turning point was the renaissance. Art took a huge turn before the 1500’s and even after. The Renaissance has assisted the world of art in breaking away from a classic structure and shaping it to what it is day. Prior to this cultural rebirth, artworks were mostly not made to scale. Paintings were unrealistic and disproportionate. Religious figures seemed to be the focus of many works. The Renaissance changed the old social context of art by introducing humanism, new themes and techniques. Read MoreThe Renaissance Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance which translates roughly as a rebirth and fresh thinking which lasted from the 14th through 17th centuries attempted to reapply the anci ent intellectual learning of the Greco-Roman Civilization. The thinkers and artists of this new era differed remarkably from their medieval counterparts. Broadly speaking, Mediaeval period was a period predominantly dominated by Christian outlook. Moreover, All of the Civilizations regarded as ‘Heirs’ of Rome paid significant tribute to their respectiveRead MoreTaking a Look at the Italian Renaissance690 Words   |  3 Pages What did art represent in the Italian Renaissance? Explain the significance of the art in the Renaissance - using examples. Choose one of the artists from each of the eras of the Italian Renaissance: Early Renaissance 1330 -1450 → Donatello, Brunelleschi, Masaccio High Renaissance 1450 - 1500 → Piero della Francesca, Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci Late Renaissance 1500 - 1700 → Raphael, Titian, Carlo Maderno, Artemisia Gentileschi Take notes on the contributions that the artist made to:Read MoreSir Thomas More s Utopia And Edmund Spenser s The Faerie Queene1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthis, the idea of renaissance humanism was inevitably created. In simple terms, humanism is the belief that every individual, putting aside his or her rank, is of equal importance. A better understanding of renaissance humanism can be reached after reviewing the shift in society, religious change, and moral belief of the sixteenth century. Many literary works, including Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, helped to shape the ideals of renaissance humanism. These revolutionary

Auditing and Professional Practice for Legislative -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAuditing and Professional Practice for Legislative. Answer: Ethical principle breaching under APES 110 (a) The auditor may on his own discretion share his audit working papers with any third party subject to the restriction of legislative or legal requirements. Further, the request for the audit working papers whether to be shared or not to be shared are considered on the basis of the circumstances where there is a dispute regarding the audit fee or any other litigation. In any case, the permission from the client must be taken to share any papers to conform that the auditor is complying the law of duty regarding the confidentiality of client (Aasb.gov.au 2017). Therefore, without getting consent from the client, if the auditor shares his audit working papers with Penshurst Accountants, it will breach the ethical compliance requirement of APES 110. (b) Before appointing any person in the organization, it is the employers duty to enquire about his proficiency, integrity and objectivity through various sources. However, if the CPA to maintain his independency wants the local accounting firm not to contact his current employer, the principle of APES 110 will not be violated. Therefore, it is the employers discretion to decide whether to contact his current employer or not (Roy and Saha 2014). (c) Services that are provided to the client apart from the regular services under the contract, the additional services are known as non-audit services. Engagement of the auditor in non-audit services lead to various threats like advocacy threat, familiarity threat, self-review threat or self-interest threat (Dattin 2017). Under the given circumstance, the auditor is engaged in providing services like advising the client regarding the auditors other services before issuing them the final audit report. Therefore, it will lead to creation of self-interest threat and will eventually breach the APES 110 principles. (d) Though the position of the audit firm partner, Judith Durham, who is also the member of the board of Directors of same organization, does not include any function of management, still it will lead to creation of familiarity threat. Familiarity threat also generated for the audit firm as a whole even when any one partner has close relation with the client organization. Therefore, even if the position of Ms. Durham is honorary and he is not involved with the performance of the management function, she is carrying out the responsibilities of the auditor and the director at the same time. Thus, it will lead to the creation of familiarity threat which in turn will breach the APES 110 principle. (e) If the permission is taken only for releasing the tax related working papers, Ernie Dengate shall release the tax working papers only and not any other working papers related to bookkeeping or auditing. The confidentiality aspect explains that the auditor can share the audit working papers only with the proper permission of the client and subject to legal or legislative restrictions. Further, utilising the clients data that are generated by the auditor during the audit procedure for his personal or professional purpose and share it with the third party it will violate the auditors confidentiality aspect towards his client. Thus, even if the papers are intended to be shared with the new owner of the business, as Mr. Ernie Dengate is selling his business it will not be regarded as the same business and therefore will breach the principle of APES 110 (Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board (APESB) 2013). (f) Services that are provided to the client apart from the regular services under the contract, the additional services are known as non-audit services. Engagement of the auditor in non-audit services like tax consultancy service or management advisory services it lead to creation of self-interest threat. Under the given circumstance, Mr Nerk, the public accountant apart from the regular audit services, provides non-audit services like tax consultancy services and management advisory services. Thus, providing all these services at the same time will breach the principle of APES 110. (g) The auditor is responsible for giving his judgement on the financial statement of the clients organization. However, the auditor is not supposed to prepare the financial statement of the client as it will lead to creation of self-interest threat as well as familiarity threat (Enofe, Okunega and Ediae 2013). Nonetheless, if the auditor All Good Chartered Accounting only maintains the branch financial record of the clients organization, that will not breach the APES 110 principles. (h) AS per the regulation and principles of APES 110, all the members are obliged to comply with the laws, integrity and objectivity and shall not involve in the act of that may discredit the profession of audit. these acts may include the involvement under drinking too much alcohols or taking drugs or assaulting or conviction or behaviour disorder (Benjamin 2014). Under the given circumstance, the public accountant James Jameson after drinking too much alcohol involved himself in fight and charged with assault. Moreover, owing to disorderly behaviour he sentenced to jail and his license suspended. Therefore, the activities of Mr. Jameson will breach the APES 110 principle (Accounting Professional Ethical Standards Board 2017). Audit opinion (a)Though the auditor was unable obtaining the confirmations from various major customers of the client, he satisfied himself regarding the account balances through other procedures; an unqualified opinion can be given to the client. (b)As the auditor was restricted to carry out his procedures for verifying the property, equipment and plant that comprised a significant part that is 35% of the total assets, a disclaimer of opinion may be given under such circumstances. (c)The contingent liability that was removed from the necessary disclosures of the financial statement can have material impact on the statement if it becomes actual liability (Amin, Krishnan and Yang 2014). Therefore, the auditor can give qualified opinion. (d)As the significant part of the sales to the retailer that were made on cash cannot investigated as the internal controls were not adequate. Further, no audit tests were there to assure that the sales were recorded correctly. Therefore, the auditor here can issue the qualified opinion. (e)As the auditor is satisfied regarding the fact that no material misstatement were there in the financial statement and through the information regarding opening balances were not provided by the client, the auditor can use other methods to confirm the balance of opening stock (Czerney, Schmidt and Thompson 2014). Therefore, the auditor here can issue unqualified opinion. (f)After the Australian Accounting Standard came into force, it became mandatory to be followed by all the companies. As the client is not following Australian Accounting Standards while preparing their financial statements, the auditor will issue qualified opinion under this. (g)As the client is using LIFO method for accounting the inventories that is not allowed under AAS and usage of this method has material impact on the financial statement. Though the impact is limited to the effect on the valuation of inventories, the auditor can issue qualified opinion. (h)The going concern situation of the client is under significant doubt and the clients main customer has gone into liquidation. Further, it is unlikely that the other customers will replace the lost customer, client should have been mentioned this fact through the disclosures or it can be regarded as suppression of facts by the clients (Francis, Pinnuck and Watanabe 2013). Therefore, the auditor here can issue the disclaimer of opinion. Reference Aasb.gov.au. (2017). Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/ [Accessed 15 Aug. 2017]. Accounting Professional Ethical Standards Board (2017).Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. [ebook] Australia: Accounting Professional Ethical Standards Board. Available at: https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/superseded_pronouncements/21092016145901_APES_110.pdf [Accessed 15 Aug. 2017]. Accounting Professional and Ethical Standards Board (APESB), 2013. APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Amin, K., Krishnan, J. and Yang, J.S., 2014. Going concern opinion and cost of equity.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(4), pp.1-39. Benjamin, S.J., 2014. Auditors IndependenceA Practical Solution.Browser Download This Paper. Czerney, K., Schmidt, J.J. and Thompson, A.M., 2014. Does auditor explanatory language in unqualified audit reports indicate increased financial misstatement risk?.The Accounting Review,89(6), pp.2115-2149. Dattin, C.F., 2017. Developments in France regarding the mandatory rotation of auditors: Do they enhance auditors independence?.Accounting History,22(1), pp.44-66. Enofe, A.O., Okunega, C.N. and Ediae, O.O., 2013. Audit Quality and Auditors Independence in Nigeria: An Empirical Evaluation. Francis, J.R., Pinnuck, M.L. and Watanabe, O., 2013. Auditor style and financial statement comparability.The Accounting Review,89(2), pp.605-633. Roy, M.N. and Saha, S.S., 2014. Statutory Auditors Independence in Protecting Stakeholders Interest: An Empirical Analysis.Changing Finance and Economic Perspective, pp.151-162.

Timeline Of Art Essays - Visual Arts, Culture, Art Movements

Timeline of Art The Thread: The thread which joins all the isms in the twentieth century are its slow evolution from one period to another. As artists from one concepts were exploring a certain idea that led to another either just for the sake of the curiosity or by sheer boredom. Therefore my paper deals with the evolution of different isms in this century. Fauvism: From 1904-7, for a very brief period, a few Paris painters evolved a style of painting that earned the name Les Fauves (wild beasts). Henri Matisse, Andre Derain and Maurice Vlaminck were the major contributors to this style of painting which gained popularity due to its apparent freedom of expression with the use of pure colors and exaggeration of drawing. Among all of the twentieth century art movements, this was the most transient and least definable. The three major painters' work was highly individual and shared only for brief periods. The momentary excitement that held these painters aloft and allowed them the maximum of freedom, deserted them as their work developed and matured. The hangover from this movement led to new means of expression. It was never a movement with aims that could be realized such as successive movements as Cubism was, but was a erratic process of experiments with possibilities suggested by the post-impressionist painters. Cubism: Cubism, which began very shortly after Fauvism, is exemplified by Pablo Picasso. In this movement the flattened space including background and foreground are related in a new and more abrupt manner. The first effect is of a camera in motion, a kaleidoscopic impression of the solid portions of the figure. This certain feature can be contrasted to the impressionist movements' works. Added to this kaleidoscopic quality is another new element. Picasso and his Cubist colleagues disintegrated the form into a series of simultaneously viewed but different aspects of the same subject. A cubist painter, to achieve a greater understanding, walked about the subject, observing it from significant various angles and recording them as his impressions of form. But this procedure led to actual destruction of form and its reduction to a series of decorative elements. Negro art and sculpture had a profound effect and it was quite extensively used by Picasso. Negro sculpture approved his subject in a more conceptual way than a naturalistic depiction, mostly by a western view. This resulted in forms that were more abstract and stylized and in a sense more symbolic. Picasso held the view that it was art that held the key to the young twentieth century painters to liberate themselves and was more representational and anti-naturalistic. The rational, geometric breakdown of the human head and body provided Picasso re-appraisal of his subjects. This style gave birth to the next phase of development, known as synthetic Cubism. Georges Barque was major contributor to this style, in which he joined bits of real wallpaper, playing cards, tobacco package labels and other materials. These were selected not to form impact but for decorative and compositional-making. In this form, the Cubists were more concerned with textural and decorative values. Cubism was an art of experiment which stripped bare the mechanics of pictorial creation and destroyed the artificial barriers between abstraction and representation. It still remains the pivotal movement in the art of the first half of this century. Abstract Expressionism: Since the World War II the paintings' movement had gathered considerable momentum. The political realities of the time- from 1943 to early 1950s- the War, the Holocaust in Europe, the apparent threat of the world destruction by atomic bomb, the conservative reaction of McCarthyism in United States and even intensified hurly burly of city life-resulted in a movement called Abstract Expressionism. Abstract Expressionism combined two tendencies already evident in the twentieth century; the drive to create totally abstract works and express emotion through the use of brilliant colors. The leading figure of this new painting style was Jackson Pollock, who produced his large works by dribbling strands of paint on the canvas, involving his whole body in the activity and creating sensations of sparkling energy and movement. The term "Action Painting" was coined to describe how Pollock worked. Pollock felt, he could become emotionally involved with his work and through it communicate his emotions to the viewer. A more violent and intense form of Action Painting was devised by Willem de Kooning from whose seeming destruction of form gradually emerged a bodily image. During the fifties, older and younger artists alike were affected by the trend towards discarding all standards of form. Mark Rothko developed a uniquely personal, reserved, almost mystical mode of painting in which colors interacted as they appeared to shift in space. In

Spain and Devolution Research Paper Example

Spain and Devolution Research Paper Example Spain and Devolution Paper Spain and Devolution Paper Of the three states Spain has by far the most difficult regional problem; it has also in place the the most radical of the regionalising projects. Spains regional problem has two interrrelated dimensions: that of persuading the two principal unassimilated peripheries Catalonia and the Basque region to accept the state, and then drawing on the resources of these regions to support development in the other regions. These goals are contradictory and it has been a difficult balancing act. Insofar as it has been successful and its ultimate success is still in uestion it is been due in considerable part to the commitment of the Spanish centre and the principal regions to ever wider European and international contacts (Gibbons, 1999, 35). The case of Catalonia is instructive. In the past thirty years, Catalan economic development has gone hand in hand with cultural nationalism, increasing linkages with the EU and with the wider world. The Catalan language has achieved predominance in public life in the region, in education, and in the communications media. The regions economic success and Barcelonas restige as a major European city give the Catalan government a prominence on the European stage and extra clout in negotiations with the centre. Catalonias increased external orientation is welcomed, not simply for the economic and cultural benefits it brings, but because it lessens the linkages with the Castillian centre. The extent to which Catalan nationalism is now content with its status as a nation-without-a-state (Keating, 1996) or the extent to which it is moving towards greater independence perhaps, at least initially, within a federal structure s a matter of some debate among scholars. What is clear, however, is that the increasing political freedom of the region, its increased prosperity and the reinforcement of Catalan identity has not overcome its ambivalence about being part of the Spanish state. One expression of this is resentment of the level of Catalan financial transfers to the central exchequer. This resentment is all the greater when it compares its fiscal powers with those of the Basque country. The challenge which such a high level of regionalisation has posed to the Spanish state, and deolgically to those strands of political opinion which believe in the essential unity of Spain, is considerable. In Catalonia the central state has effectively lost the cultural initiative and the re-establishment of Catalan as the first language has deepened the extent to which it is a place apart. At the same time autonomisation has not brought an end to violent Basque separatism. There are conflicts between centre and region about the extent of the regional powers the Spanish state, for example, has repeatedly challenged Basque industrial policy in he European Court of Justice (Loyer, 1999). There is tension around matters of protocol, for example welcoming of international statesmen, visits abroad, which have seemed to the state to be taking over the proper role of the sovereign state (Basset, 1998). Finally, there is competition between the regions around the extent of their powers which produces a dynamic towards ever greater autonomisation Catalonia looks for equivalent financial autonomy to the Basque country, and Andalucia will accept no less autonomy than Catalonia, and so on. At the same time the pace of development in the other regions remains slow. Further evidence that devolution becomes more popular with the passage of time is provided by the Spanish experience. As in Britain in the 1990s, the strong demands for autonomy in some Spanish regions in the late 1970s were not paralleled in the rest of the country, where there was no clear support for devolution. Yet, by 1996, opinion polls suggested that three-quarters of Spaniards felt either that the existing degree of autonomy granted to the regions should be maintained or enhanced. Furthermore, these responses appear to be underpinned by a strong degree of identification with the respective autonomous communities. In the same opinion poll just over two-thirds of respondents reported either that they identified only with their autonomous community or as much with their autonomous community as they did with Spain. In Spain, a complex sharing of functions between the national, regional and local levels of government has evolved since the late 1970s. Figure 3 shows that central government in Spain has exclusive powers over areas such as defence and macro-economic management but that it shares responsibility for many functions with the autonomous communities, including housing, social welfare and economic development. Similarly, local government is charged with functions such as land-use planning and community safety while also sharing responsibility with the autonomous communities in a number of areas, such as local transport and sports and leisure facilities. European experience therefore suggests that any decision regarding the powers to be devolved to regions is not simply a one-off re-allocation of functions between tiers of government. Rather, devolution triggers a dynamic process of bargaining between regional and national government over responsibilities and resources. Aside from the tendency for this to result in regions acquiring more functions, the other clear message to emerge is regional authorities, once established, will push strongly for greater autonomy, particularly in the management of their financial affairs. In Italy the regions lobbied strongly for tax-raising powers from 1983, eventually securing limited powers in this area in 1990. Similarly, the Spanish autonomous communities have claimed a rising share of income tax revenues, with some regions securing a greater degree of financial autonomy from the centre than others: in Catalonia 32 per cent of public expenditure is now controlled by the regional government, compared to an average of 25 per cent in Spain as a whole. Indeed, of the cases considered at the conference, only the Spanish regions could make any reasonable claim to being significant contributors to regional economic performance since they do at least share significant responsibility for economic development with central government. However, time-series data on economic performance in Spain suggest that regional economic disparities have only narrowed marginally over the past 15-20 years. Whether this modest decrease in regional disparity can be attributed specifically to the activities of regional governments, rather than, say, to national economic policy or the beneficial impact of Spanish membership of the EU, remains an open question. The staggered emergence of regionalism in the UK does have something of a parallel in the Spanish case. Following the transition to a democratic regime in the late 1970s, the new Spanish constitution provided for twin-track devolution. Under this framework, regions with strong nationalist claims for devolution were allowed to move quickly towards such arrangements. Thus, Catalonia and the Basque Country introduced regional government in 1979, followed in 1981 by Galicia and, largely on political grounds, Andalusia. The remaining 13 autonomous communities were then introduced in 1982-83. The principle of a two-speed process of devolution has since been maintained, with subsequent bargaining between central government and individual autonomous communities enabling regional governments in areas such as Catalonia and the Basque Country to take greater control over their own affairs. While the Spanish case suggests that asymmetric devolution is an option for the UK, it leaves open the question of what might happen if the English regions fail to embrace regional government. Asymmetric devolution would seem to be an appropriate response to the problem that there are different levels of aspiration to self-government. However, experience in Spain also implies that a staggered process of devolution will need to be supported by national co-ordination mechanisms which ensure that regions slow to move towards regional autonomy are not disadvantaged and are encouraged to be part of a consensus on how devolution should proceed.

6 Unusual Online Certificate Programs

6 Unusual Online Certificate Programs So, you’re not interested in an online MBA. You’d prefer to lead a rally, write a memoir, or brew the perfect craft beer? Never fear. Several colleges offer online certificate programs that appeal less to sharp-suited business people and more to the garden-growing, media-sharing, beer-brewing types. Interested? Take a look at these unique distance education programs: The Business of Craft Brewing Online Certificate (Portland State University) Through this four-course series, â€Å"industry specialists† teach students everything they need to know to start up and run a successful craft brewery. Courses include â€Å"Basic Business for Craft Beverages,† â€Å"Craft Beverage Business Management,† â€Å"Strategic Craft Beverage Marketing,† and â€Å"Finance and Accounting for the Craft Brewery.† Students are also invited to fly out to Portland to take part in the optional â€Å"Craft Beverage Immersion Excursion,† spending three days meeting with brewery owners, tasting Portland beers, and touring the Oregon beer empire. Cheers. Certificate in Organic Agriculture (University of Washington) If you have a green thumb and a fondness for organic food, the University of Washington Certificate in Organic Agriculture might be for you. The college touts this 18-credit program as a good fit for â€Å"those wanting to pursue a career in organic agriculture, anyone interested in beginning a community supported agriculture (CSA) enterprise, [and] home gardeners.† As a student, you’ll take online courses such as â€Å"Organic Gardening and Farming,† â€Å"Agriculture, Environment, and Community,† and â€Å"Food Safety and Quality.†Ã‚   You’ll also be required to complete an internship, which can be done by volunteering through a local organic farm, organic certifying agency, or organic business. Sustainability Certificate (Harvard Extension School) If you want to promote a sustainability in your community or business, Harvard’s Sustainability Certificate provides instruction from world-class thinkers. Students in this program take five courses. â€Å"Knowledge Set† courses such as â€Å"Energy and the Environment,† â€Å"Strategies for Sustainability Management,† and â€Å"Sustainable Business and Technology,† provide students with a common foundation of understanding. â€Å"Skill Set† courses such as â€Å"Catalyzing Change: Sustainability Leadership for the Twenty-First Century† and â€Å"Introduction to Sustainable Buildings,† help students take action. It’s also important to note that, although this certificate is coming from an ivy-league school, it is an open-access program. Anyone can simply start taking courses towards certificate completion without the need to apply. New Urbanism Online Certificate (Miami School of Architecture) Those with a passion for cities community building may be interested in the New Urbanism Online Certificate. Students earning the certificate are prepared to take the Congress for New Urbanism accreditation exam. (Although you should also be aware that the exam can be taken without the certificate). The New Urbanism certificate is self-paced and takes students through the basics of creating walkable, sustainable places. Course units include: â€Å"A Crisis of Place and the Alternative of the New Urbanism,† â€Å"Ecology Built Legacy,† â€Å"Architecture, Local Culture, and Community Identity,† â€Å"Green Building and Historic Preservation,† and â€Å"Implementing New Urbanism.† Creative Nonfiction Writing Online Certificate (UCLA Extension Program) If you’re serious about writing that best-selling memoir, personal essay, or political history, take a look at this UCLA creative non-fiction program. You’ll focus most of your 36 credits on intensive creative non-fiction instruction. You’ll also have the opportunity to choose from electives in poetry, playwriting, and fiction. Best of all, students that complete the coursework are given a consultation with a UCLA Writer’s Program instructor, detailed notes, and an in-person or phone critique session. Certificate in Community Organizing (Empire State College) What would you like to see change in your community? If you have a quick answer to that question but don’t know how to make it happen, consider earning a Certificate in Community Organizing. Empire State’s program arms students with knowledge about justice, power dynamics, and navigating government environments. It aims to help learners develop a skill set that can be applied to create lasting change in their communities. This 12-credit program includes courses such as â€Å"Advocacy in State and Community-Level Government,† â€Å"Race, Gender, and Class in U.S. Public Policy,† and â€Å"Human Service Policy.† To complete the certificate, students are required to apply their learning by working with real communities while taking the capstone â€Å"Community Organizing† course. Free Learning Alternatives If youd rather not jump into a major time commitment and write a big check just yet, take a look at these less formal free online classes. Youll find options for a wide array of subjects including photography, guitar, and writing.

The assignment should consist of one review article on the latest Literature

The assignment should consist of one article on the latest developments on the pathophysiology of a named disease. (Drug treatments for Alzherimers Disease) - Literature review Example Developing management plans for the disease has been a daunting task that is still being researched on. It has been established that the disease cannot be cured but it can be managed to prevent continued degeneration. Anticholinergic drugs were used at that time with the use levodopa being adopted later. This was done after the discovery of dopaminergic deficits in the pathophysiology of the disease. The disease is quite common and affects the nervous system with patients having symptoms such as tremor, slowness in movement, rigidity and instability. It’s a neurodegenerative disorder and research shows that it affects about one per cent of the population from the age of seventy (Savitt, Dawson & Ted, 2006). The greatest development in the treatment of PD was the development of ways to correct dopamine deficiency which is greatly associated with the disease. Halting disease progression has been the greatest nightmare in science and medicine as the medical therapy used is just used to provide temporary relief and not a long term solution for the disease. The need, to do this research on Parkinson’s disease, was necessitated by the fact it is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder (Barbara & Lang, 2014). There are various factors associated with the onset of the disease with various genetic and environmental factors being thought to have an interaction that results to the disease (Bekris, Mata & Zabetian, 2010). Familial Parkinsonism which is detected when patients show symptoms such as rigidity, tremor and slowness in movement has been shown to be caused by mutation in six genes which include SNCA, ATP13A2, PINK1, DJ1, PRKN and LRRK2 (Bekris, Mata & Zabetian, 2010). Other factors, which have been seen as predisposing factors or leading to the disease, include variation in the MAPT, SNCA, and LRRK2. Putting the individual at a vulnerable position makes them to show the symptoms